Genetic features of patients with MPS type IIIB: Description of five pathogenic gene variations.

BACKGROUND: There are four distinct forms of Sanfilippo syndrome (MPS type III), each of which is an autosomal lysosomal storage disorder. These forms are caused by abnormalities in one of four lysosomal enzymes. This study aimed to identify possible genetic variants that contribute to Sanfilippo IIIB in 14 independent families in Southwest Iran. METHODS: Patients were included if their clinical features and enzyme assay results were suggestive. The patients were subsequently subjected to Sanger Sequencing to screen for Sanfilippo-related genes. Additional investigations have been conducted using various computational analyses to determine the probable functional effects of diagnosed variants. RESULTS: Five distinct variations were identified in the NAGLU gene. This included two novel variants in two distinct families and three previously reported variants in 12 distinct families. All of these variations were recognized as pathogenic using the MutationTaster web server. In silico analysis showed that all detected variants affected protein structural stability; four destabilized protein structures, and the fifth variation had the opposite effect. CONCLUSION: In this study, two novel variations in the NAGLU gene were identified. The results of this study positively contribute to the mutation diversity of the NAGLU gene. To identify new disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets, precision medicine must precisely characterize and account for genetic variations. New harmful gene variants are valuable for updating gene databases concerning Sanfilippo disease variations and NGS gene panels. This may also improve genetic counselling for rapid risk examinations and disease surveillance.

Wii Fit-Based Biofeedback Rehabilitation Among Post-Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is one of the most widespread reasons for acquired adult disability. Recent experimental studies have reported the beneficial influence of Wii Fit-based feedback on improving overall balance and gait for stroke survivors. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of the literature using the following keywords to retrieve the data: feedback, biofeedback, stroke, visual, auditory, tactile, virtual reality, videogame rehabilitation, Nintendo Wii stroke, videogame stroke, exergame stroke, Nintendo Wii rehabilitation, balance, and gait. A review and meta-analysis of RCTs regarding Wii Fit-based rehabilitation accompanied by conventional therapy effects on Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go (TUG), functional reach test, and gait (speed) in stroke survivors was conducted. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impacts of Wii Fit-based feedback combined with traditional therapy on balance and gait in stroke survivors. RESULTS: 22 studies were included. The meta-analysis results revealed statistically significant improvements in functional ambulation measured using TUG (p < 0.0001), balance measured using BBS (p = 0.0001), and functional reach test (p = 0.01), but not in gait speed (p = 0.32) following Wii Fit-based feedback. Regarding the types of feedback, significant differences were found in BBS scores when mixed visual and auditory feedback was used. CONCLUSION: Wii Fit-based feedback has desired effects on improving balance in stroke patients, making it a suitable adjunct to physical therapy.

An Automated Wireless System for Monitoring Concrete Structures Based on Embedded Electrical Resistivity Sensors: Data Transmission and Effects on Concrete Properties.

Modern infrastructure heavily relies on robust concrete structures, underscoring the critical need for effective monitoring to ensure their safety and durability. This paper addresses this imperative issue by introducing an innovative automated and wireless system for continuous structural monitoring. By employing embedded electrical resistivity sensors coupled with a wireless-based data transmission mechanism, real-time data collection becomes feasible. We provide a general description of the system's architecture and its application in a pilot study covering the effects of the devices on concrete properties and data transmission. The dielectric properties of concrete specimens were investigated under natural and accelerated curing/degradation and the results were used in the final design of the antenna device. Furthermore, a pilot test comprising four reinforced concrete columns was used to investigate the range of data transmission from inside to outside of the concrete, the effects of the hardware device on the compressive strength and concrete distribution in the columns, and the data transmission quality in real time under realistic exposure conditions.

Aquatic Exercise Impact on Pain Intensity, Disability and Quality of Life in Adults with Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Low back pain is a common, multifaceted disorder that directly affects diverse aspects of people's lives in terms of health, personal and social lives. A variety of pathological disorders, including low back pain, may benefit from hydrotherapy. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to systematically analyze the efficacy of aquatic exercise on pain intensity, disability, and quality of life among adults with low back pain. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, and Scopus up to February 2023 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that which examined the impact of aquatic exercise. The most relevant articles were selected based on research criteria. The PEDro scale was applied to assess the quality of the included studies. Review Manager 5.3 was used for conducting all analyses. STUDY SELECTION: Out of 856 articles, 14 RCTs (n = 484 participants; 257 in the experimental groups and 227 in the control groups) met our inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Pooled results illustrated that aquatic exercises significantly reduced pain (mean differences (MD): -3.82; p < 0.00,001), improved disability (standardized mean differences (SMD): 1.65; p < 0.00,001), and improved quality of life in both the physical component score (mean difference (MD), 10.13; p < 0.00,001) and the mental component score (MD, 6.45; p < 0.0001) when compared with a control group. CONCLUSION: The current review showed that aquatic exercise regimens were effective among adults with low back pain. High-quality clinical investigations are still needed to support the use of therapeutic aquatic exercise in a clinical setting.

Effect of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Exercise Training on Depressive Symptoms, Quality of Life, and Muscle Strength in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Aerobic training, resistance training, or combined training are interventions that can be modified to suit the needs of aged people. OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the impact of exercise training on depression symptoms, quality of life, and muscle strength in healthy people aged 60 or more. DATA SOURCES: Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases from inception to February 2022. RESULTS: Eighteen studies, totaling 1354 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, exercise training significantly declined depressive symptoms (standard mean difference (SMD): -.52, 95% confidence interval (CI): -.76 to -.28; p < .001). Moreover, there was a significant reduction in bodily pain (p < .05) and body mass (p < .01), and a significant increase in mental health (p < .001), physical functioning (p < .01), and general health (p < .001) subscales of quality of life as well as upper- (p < .001) and lower-limb strength (p < .001). Subgroup analysis revealed that depression decreased significantly when aerobic training (p = .000) and resistance training (p = .003) were applied, and for studies including both genders (p = .000) or men subjects (p = .002). Moreover, subgroup analysis demonstrated that depression reduced following both medium- (p = .006) and long-term (p = .002) interventions. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that exercise interventions may produce improvements in depressive symptoms, some components of quality of life, muscle strength, and body mass. Additional research is required to define the optimal dose of exercise training interventions.

A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Stabilizing Exercises for Lumbopelvic Region Impact in Postpartum Women With Low Back and Pelvic Pain.

BackgroundCountless women experience lumbopelvic pain (LBPP) after pregnancy. Physical activity is revealed as a beneficial procedure to alleviate LBPP, yet it appears that individual investigations report mixed conclusions about its effectiveness. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the impact of stabilizing exercises on pain intensity, disability, and quality of life (QoL) in postpartum women. Data sources: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scopus, and reference lists of included studies up to September, 2021. Study selection: Eleven studies comprising 623 participants were included and analyzed using a random-effects model. Results: Data displayed that stabilizing exercises significantly reduced pain (standard mean difference; SMD: -0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): -1.26 to -0.27, p = .002), and disability (SMD: -1.19, 95% CI: -1.7 to -0.68, p < .001). However, our study found no significant change in QoL following stabilizing exercises (MD: 4.42, 95% CI: -5.73, 14.57, p = .39). Conclusion: Our systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that stabilizing interventions had some benefits in postpartum women. While there is some evidence to display the efficacy of stabilizing exercises for relieving LBPP, additional longer-term and high-quality studies are required to confirm the current findings.

Lessons Learned from a Distributed RF-EMF Sensor Network.

In an increasingly wireless world, spatiotemporal monitoring of the exposure to environmental radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) is crucial to appease public uncertainty and anxiety about RF-EMF. However, although the advent of smart city infrastructures allows for dense networks of distributed sensors, the costs of accurate RF sensors remain high, and dedicated RF monitoring networks remain rare. This paper describes a comprehensive study comprising the design of a low-cost RF-EMF sensor node capable of monitoring four frequency bands used by wireless telecommunications with an unparalleled temporal resolution, its application in a small-scale distributed sensor network consisting of both fixed (on building façades) and mobile sensor nodes (on postal vans), and the subsequent analysis of over a year of data between January 2019 and May 2020, during which slightly less than 10 million samples were collected. From the fixed nodes' results, the potential errors were determined that are induced when sampling at lower speeds (e.g., one sample per 15 min) and measuring for shorter periods of time (e.g., a few weeks), as well as an adequate resolution (30 min) for diurnal and weekly temporal profiles which sufficiently preserves short-term variations. Furthermore, based on the correlation between the sensors, an adequate density of 100 sensor nodes per km2 was deduced for future networks. Finally, the mobile sensor nodes were used to identify potential RF-EMF exposure hotspots in a previously unattainable area of more than 60 km2. In summary, through the analysis of a small number of RF-EMF sensor nodes (both fixed and mobile) in an urban area, this study offers invaluable insights applicable to future designs and deployments of distributed RF-EMF sensor networks.

The Effect of Exercise Interventions to Improve Psychosocial Aspects and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients have a raised risk of developing depression compared with non-diabetic people. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this meta-analysis was to investigate the impacts of exercise training interventions to improve psychosocial aspects and glycemic control in T2DM patients. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases and reference lists of included studies were searched. STUDY SELECTION: The selection criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using an exercise intervention with or without dietary advice on psychological aspects and glycemic control in T2DM patients, up to January 2021. Meta-analyses were performed using the random-effects model. The analysis included 17 RCTs with 2,127 participants. RESULTS: In the pooled analysis, improvements were seen in depression, standard mean difference (SMD) -0.65 (95% confidence interval (CI) -1.03 to -0.28, p = 0.0006), mental health SMD: 0.53 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.76, p < 0.00001), and HbA1c, weighted mean difference (WMD) -0.51% (95% CI -0.97 to -0.04, p = 0.03). There were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups for bodily pain, social functioning, and fasting glucose (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our systematic review and meta-analysis displayed that exercise training interventions decreased depression and HbA1c and increased mental health in individuals with T2DM. Further longer-term and high-quality clinical trials are required to additional assess and confirm the findings presented here.

Radio-frequency exposure of the yellow fever mosquito (A. aegypti) from 2 to 240 GHz.

Fifth generation networks (5G) will be associated with a partial shift to higher carrier frequencies, including wavelengths comparable in size to insects. This may lead to higher absorption of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) by insects and could cause dielectric heating. The yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti), a vector for diseases such as yellow and dengue fever, favors warm climates. Being exposed to higher frequency RF EMFs causing possible dielectric heating, could have an influence on behavior, physiology and morphology, and could be a possible factor for introduction of the species in regions where the yellow fever mosquito normally does not appear. In this study, the influence of far field RF exposure on A. aegypti was examined between 2 and 240 GHz. Using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations, the distribution of the electric field in and around the insect and the absorbed RF power were found for six different mosquito models (three male, three female). The 3D models were created from micro-CT scans of real mosquitoes. The dielectric properties used in the simulation were measured from a mixture of homogenized A. aegypti. For a given incident RF power, the absorption increases with increasing frequency between 2 and 90 GHz with a maximum between 90 and 240 GHz. The absorption was maximal in the region where the wavelength matches the size of the mosquito. For a same incident field strength, the power absorption by the mosquito is 16 times higher at 60 GHz than at 6 GHz. The higher absorption of RF power by future technologies can result in dielectric heating and potentially influence the biology of this mosquito.

Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: Comparison of exposimeters with a novel body-worn distributed meter.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) is often measured with personal exposimeters, but the accuracy of measurements can be hampered as carrying the devices on-body may result in body shielding. Further, the compact design may compromise the frequency selectivity of the sensor. The aim of this study was to compare measurements obtained using a multi-band body-worn distributed-exposimeter (BWDM) with two commercially available personal exposimeters (ExpoM-RF and EmeSpy 200) under real-life conditions. METHODS: The BWDM measured power density in 10 frequency bands (800, 900, 1800, 2100, 2600 MHz, DECT 1900 MHz, WiFi 2.4 GHz; with separate uplink/downlink bands for 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz); using 20 separate antennas integrated in a vest and placed on diametrically opposite locations on the body, to minimize body-shielding. RF-EMF exposure data were collected from several microenvironments (e.g. shopping areas, train stations, outdoor rural/ urban residential environments, etc.) by walking around pre-defined areas/routes in Belgium, Spain, France, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Measurements were taken every 1-4 s with the BWDM in parallel with an ExpoM-RF and an EmeSpy 200 exposimeter. We calculated medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs) and compared difference, ratios and correlations of geometric mean RF-EMF exposure levels per microenvironment as measured with the exposimeters and the BWDM. RESULTS: Across 267 microenvironments, medians and IQR of total BWDM measured RF-EMF exposure was 0.13 (0.05-0.33) mW/m2. Difference: IQR of exposimeters minus BWDM exposure levels was -0.011 (-0.049 to 0.0095) mW/m2 for the ExpoM-RF and -0.056 (-0.14 to -0.017) for the EmeSpy 200; ratios (exposimeter/BWDM) of total exposure had an IQR of 0.79 (0.55-1.1) for the ExpoM-RF and 0.29 (0.22-0.38) for the EmeSpy 200. Spearman correlations were 0.93 for the ExpoM-RF vs the BWDM and 0.96 for the EmeSpy 200 vs the BWDM. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that exposimeters worn on-body provide somewhat lower total RF-EMF exposure as compared to measurements conducted with the BWDM, in line with effects from body shielding. Ranking of exposure levels of microenvironments showed high correspondence between the different device types. Our results are informative for the interpretation of existing epidemiological research results.

A Millimeter-Scale Crystal-Less MICS Transceiver for Insertable Smart Pills.

This paper presents a millimeter-scale crystal-less wireless transceiver for volume-constrained insertable pills. Operating in the 402-405 MHz medical implant communication service (MICS) band, the phase-tracking receiver-based over-the-air carrier recovery has a ±160 ppm coverage. A fully integrated adaptive antenna impedance matching solution is proposed to calibrate the antenna impedance variation inside the body. A tunable matching network (TMN) with single inductor performs impedance matching for both transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) and TX/RX mode switching. To dynamically calibrate the antenna impedance variation over different locations and diet conditions, a loop-back power detector using self-mixing is adopted, which expands the power contour up to 4.8 VSWR. The transceiver is implemented in a 40-nm CMOS technology, occupying 2 mm2 die area. The transceiver chip and a miniature antenna are integrated in a 3.5 × 15 mm2 area prototype wireless module. It has a receiver sensitivity of -90 dBm at 200 kbps data rate and delivers up to - 25 dBm EIRP in the wireless measurement with a liquid phantom.

Characterisation of spatial and temporal variability of RF-EMF exposure levels in urban environments in Flanders, Belgium.

Personal exposure to Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMFs) was studied using personal measurements in five different microenvironments in each of five cities (Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges and Hasselt) in Flanders, Belgium. These measurements were carried out by two researchers using on-body calibrated personal exposimeters. In three out of the five studied cities (Brussels, Ghent and Bruges), temporal aspects of personal exposure to RF-EMFs were studied as well. Measurements during and outside of rush hours (7:00-9:15 and 16:30-19:00) were compared. Likewise, measurements were executed during night time and compared to the ones measured during working hours. Representativeness and repeatability of the measurement method was studied as well. The highest mean total exposure was found in Brussels (2.63 mW/m2), the most densely populated city in this study. However, we measured higher downlink exposure in Antwerp than in Brussels, which might be an effect of the stronger legislation on base stations in Brussels. The measurements and used protocol were found to be both repeatable over time (r = 0.95 for median total exposure) and representative for the studied microenvironments in terms of path selection (r = 0.88 for median total exposure). Finally, in 10 out of the 13 on-body calibrated frequency bands we found that the measurement devices underestimate the intensity of the incident RF-EMFs with median underestimations up to 68%.

Mobile phones: A trade-off between speech intelligibility and exposure to noise levels and to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields.

When making phone calls, cellphone and smartphone users are exposed to radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and sound pressure simultaneously. Speech intelligibility during mobile phone calls is related to the sound pressure level of speech relative to potential background sounds and also to the RF-EMF exposure, since the signal quality is correlated with the RF-EMF strength. Additionally, speech intelligibility, sound pressure level, and exposure to RF-EMFs are dependent on how the call is made (on speaker, held at the ear, or with headsets). The relationship between speech intelligibility, sound exposure, and exposure to RF-EMFs is determined in this study. To this aim, the transmitted RF-EMF power was recorded during phone calls made by 53 subjects in three different, controlled exposure scenarios: calling with the phone at the ear, calling in speaker-mode, and calling with a headset. This emitted power is directly proportional to the exposure to RF EMFs and is translated into specific absorption rate using numerical simulations. Simultaneously, sound pressure levels have been recorded and speech intelligibility has been assessed during each phone call. The results show that exposure to RF-EMFs, quantified as the specific absorption in the head, will be reduced when speaker-mode or a headset is used, in comparison to calling next to the ear. Additionally, personal exposure to sound pressure is also found to be highest in the condition where the phone is held next to the ear. On the other hand, speech perception is found to be the best when calling with a phone next to the ear in comparison to the other studied conditions, when background noise is present.

A Multi-Band Body-Worn Distributed Radio-Frequency Exposure Meter: Design, On-Body Calibration and Study of Body Morphology.

A multi-band Body-Worn Distributed exposure Meter (BWDM) calibrated for simultaneous measurement of the incident power density in 11 telecommunication frequency bands, is proposed. The BDWM consists of 22 textile antennas integrated in a garment and is calibrated on six human subjects in an anechoic chamber to assess its measurement uncertainty in terms of 68% confidence interval of the on-body antenna aperture. It is shown that by using multiple antennas in each frequency band, the uncertainty of the BWDM is 22 dB improved with respect to single nodes on the front and back of the torso and variations are decreased to maximum 8.8 dB. Moreover, deploying single antennas for different body morphologies results in a variation up to 9.3 dB, which is reduced to 3.6 dB using multiple antennas for six subjects with various body mass index values. The designed BWDM, has an improved uncertainty of up to 9.6 dB in comparison to commercially available personal exposure meters calibrated on body. As an application, an average incident power density in the range of 26.7-90.8 µW·m - 2 is measured in Ghent, Belgium. The measurements show that commercial personal exposure meters underestimate the actual exposure by a factor of up to 20.6.

Personal Exposimeter for Radiation Assessment in Real Environments in the 60-GHz Band.

For the first time, a personal exposimeter (PEX) for 60 GHz radiation measurements is presented. The PEX is designed based on numerical simulations and both on-body and on-phantom calibration measurements to determine the antenna aperture and measurement uncertainty of the PEX. The measurement uncertainty of the PEX is quantified in terms of 50 and 95% prediction intervals of its response. A PEX consisting of three nodes (antennas) with VHH (vertical-horizontal-horizontal) polarization results in a 95% prediction interval of 6.6 dB. A 50% prediction interval of 1.3 dB (factor of 1.3) is obtained for measured power densities which is 3.1 dB lower than a single antenna experiment. The uncertainty is 19.7 dB smaller than that of existing commercial exposimeters at lower frequencies (≤6GHz).

On-body calibration and measurements using personal radiofrequency exposimeters in indoor diffuse and specular environments.

For the first time, response of personal exposimeters (PEMs) is studied under diffuse field exposure in indoor environments. To this aim, both numerical simulations, using finite-difference time-domain method, and calibration measurements were performed in the range of 880-5875 MHz covering 10 frequency bands in Belgium. Two PEMs were mounted on the body of a human male subject and calibrated on-body in an anechoic chamber (non-diffuse) and a reverberation chamber (RC) (diffuse fields). This was motivated by the fact that electromagnetic waves in indoor environments have both specular and diffuse components. Both calibrations show that PEMs underestimate actual incident electromagnetic fields. This can be compensated by using an on-body response. Moreover, it is shown that these responses are different in anechoic chamber and RC. Therefore, it is advised to use an on-body calibration in an RC in future indoor PEM measurements where diffuse fields are present. Using the response averaged over two PEMs reduced measurement uncertainty compared to single PEMs. Following the calibration, measurements in a realistic indoor environment were done for wireless fidelity (WiFi-5G) band. Measured power density values are maximally 8.9 mW/m(2) and 165.8 µW/m(2) on average. These satisfy reference levels issued by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection in 1998. Power density values obtained by applying on-body calibration in RC are higher than values obtained from no body calibration (only PEMs) and on-body calibration in anechoic room, by factors of 7.55 and 2.21, respectively. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:298-309, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The effects of aerobic exercise training on psychosocial aspects of men with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIM: This study was conducted to examine the effects of aerobic exercise training on psychosocial aspects (mental health, the aspects of physical symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social functioning, and depression) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: 53 men who had type 2 diabetes mellitus for a mean duration of the disease for 3±5 years were selected purposely and classified randomly into experimental (27 patients) and a control group (26 patients). Patients in the experimental group did aerobic exercise training three times a week for eight weeks. The exercise included an aerobic activity for 45 to 60 minutes during which the patients' heart rates were maintained at 60-70 percent of heart rate reserve on ergo meter bikes. RESULTS: The eight-week aerobic exercise training had significant effects on mental health (p = 0.002), subscales of physical symptoms (p = 0.006), and anxiety and insomnia (p = 0.001). It had no significant effects on subscales related to disorder of social functioning (p = 0.117) and depression (p = 0.657). CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic exercise training can be considered as an appropriate program for improving the health of the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and it also can improve their mental health.

Response surface analysis of photocatalytic degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether by core/shell Fe3O4/ZnO nanoparticles.

The degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was investigated in the aqueous solution of coated ZnO onto magnetite nanoparticale based on an advanced photocatalytic oxidation process. The photocatalysts were synthesized by coating of ZnO onto magnetite using precipitation method. The sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and vibration sample magnetometer (VSM). Besides, specific surface area was also determined by BET method. The four effective factors including pH of the reaction mixture, Fe3O4/ZnO magnetic nanoparticles concentration, initial MTBE concentration and molar ratio of [H2O2]/ [MTBE] were optimized using response surface modeling (RSM). Using the four-factor-three-level Box-Behnken design, 29 runs were designed considering the effective ranges of the influential factors. The optimized values for the operational parameters under the respective constraints were obtained at PH of 7.2, Fe3O4/ZnO concentration of 1.78 g/L, initial MTBE concentration of 89.14 mg/L and [H2O2]/ [MTBE] molar ratio of 2.33. Moreover, kinetics of MTBE degradation was determined under optimum condition. The study about core/shell magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) recycling were also carried out and after about four times, the percentage of the photocatalytic degradation was about 70%.